The subject aims to provide veterinary students with knowledge of: 1) the functional organization of animal cells at the level of light and electron microscopy; 2) the molecular structure and biochemical composition of cellular structures; 3) the basics of cytophysiology; 4) the research methods used in cell biology and histology. The subject is an introduction to the topics covered in the further stages of veterinary studies, i.e. histology and embryology, pharmacology, genetics, pathomorphology and pathophysiology. The outcome of the course should be (for further study): 1) the ability to link the processes occurring in the body to the structure and function of cells - an understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying the functioning of the body; 2) an awareness of the importance of disorders of cell structure and physiology to the functioning of the whole animal body.
Upon completion of the course, the student should be able to: 1) use a light microscope as a basic tool to examine the structures of the body at the cellular level; 2) interpret images from the electron microscope; 3) recognize cells and cellular structures and determine the correctness of their structure; 4) perform a functional analysis of cellular structures; 5) apply knowledge of cytophysiology in analyzing processes that occur in the tissue body.
Biological membranes. Models of cell membranes. Mosaic model of the cell membrane. Lipids and membrane proteins. Transport through membranes. Transporters, pumps, ion channels. Endocytosis, exocytosis. Cytoplasm and the structures that make it up. Cell organelles – structure and physiology. Cytoskeleton of the cell. Nucleus - structure and functions of the nuclear envelope, chromatin, nucleolus. Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis, necrosis and apoptosis.
Light microscopy - types of microscopes, magnification, resolution, microscopy techniques, techniques for preparing material for research in the light microscope. Electron microscopy - functional principle, preparation of biological material for research, observation and image acquisition techniques, interpretation of electronograms. Cytoplasmic organelles and cytoskeleton. Cell nucleus, cell division.
The subject comprises 30 hours (15 hours of lectures and 15 hours of exercises) during the first semester of study. It ends with a theoretical examination, which takes place in the winter session.
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